Prevalencias de estado de nutrición en recién nacidos mexicanos por peso y longitud al nacimiento: un análisis de los certificados de nacimiento del Sinac / Prevalence of nutritional status in Mexican newborns by weight and leght at birth: an analysis of Sinac birth certificates

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia nacional por entidad federativa del estado de nutrición de peso y longitud al nacimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se analizaron datos de 1 907 341 recién nacidos vivos en 2017, registrados en el Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac). Los percentiles para peso y longitud se estimaron en la plataforma INTERGROWTH-21st. Resultados: La prevalencia de pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) y longitud insuficiente (LI) fue de 7.4 y 4.8%, respectivamente. Se registraron diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias de LI, PEG y grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) (p <0.01). Las entidades con mayores prevalencias de PEG (10.4%) fueron Estado de México y Yucatán. De GEG, fueron Sonora (16.8%) y Baja California Sur (15.3%). Conclusión: Dimensionar el estado de nutrición al nacer permite identificar entidades que requieren acciones focalizadas para disminuir los riesgos asociados con la malnutrición.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the national by federal entity prevalence of the nutritional status of weight and length at birth. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data from 1 907 341 alive newborns in 2017, registered in the Subsistema de Información sobre Nacimientos (Sinac), were analyzed. The percentiles for weight and length were estimated in the INTERGROWTH-21stplatform. Results: The prevalence of small gestational age (SGA) and insufficient length (IL) was 7.4 and 4.8%, respectively. Differences in the prevalence of IL, SGA and large for the gestational age (LGA) by sex were recorded (p <0.01). The entities with the highest prevalence of SGA were Estado de México and Yucatán (10.4%); Sonora (15.3%) and Baja California Sur (16.8%) of LGA. Conclusion: Sizing the nutritional status at birth allows the identification of entities that require targeted actions to reduce the risks associated with malnutrition.

Indicadores de síndrome metabólico en escolares mexicanos con talla baja, sobrepeso u obesidad / Components of the metabolic syndrome in Mexican school-children stunted, normal weight and overweight

En niños mexicanos la obesidad, talla baja y anemia son problemas que coexisten principalmente en poblaciones rurales que comparten el mismo territorio geográfico, esto les otorga riesgos diferenciados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la asociación y magnitud del riesgo de indicadores de síndrome metabólico en niños escolares. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en una muestra probabilística de 746 escolares (5-13 años) del estado de Hidalgo, México; en quienes se determinó la seguridad alimentaria, el puntaje Z de IMC, T-E y la adiposidad central; se midió la presión arterial y se cuantificó hemoglobina para diagnosticar anemia. Se cuantificó en suero glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol total, colesterol HDL e insulina; y se calculó el índice HOMA. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en los niños sanos fue de 3.4 %, en talla baja de 6.4 %, en sobrepeso de 15.7 % y en obesidad de 38.4 %. En el grupo de niños con anemia se registraron los OR de insulina (0.39, IC=0.18-0.87) y HOMA (0.21, IC=0.05-0.87) más bajos y en niños con obesidad (5.42, IC=3.07-9.54 y 4.12, IC=2.05-8.29) los más altos. Se concluye que en la anemia existe un menor riesgo metabólico y que el sobrepeso y la obesidad se asocian con dislipidemias y alteración en la secreción de insulina(AU)

Components of the metabolic syndrome in Mexican school children stunted, normal weight and overweight. Obesity, stunting and anemia are problems that coexist among Mexican children in rural populations that share the same geographical territory; this grants them differentiated risks. The objective of this research was to determine the magnitude of risk and the association of metabolic syndrome indicators among school children. A transversal analytic study was performed for a probabilistic sample of 746 school children from the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, for whom alimentary security, the Z score of BMI, HA and central adiposity were determined; blood pressure was measured and hemoglobin was quantified in order to detect anemia. It was quantified in serum: glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and insulin; HOMA index was calculated. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children of normal weight and height was of 3.4 %, 6.4 % in short stature, 15.7 % in over weight and 38.4 % in obesity. In the group of children with anemia, the lowest OR insulin were recorded (0.39, IC=0.18- 0.87) and HOMA (0.21, IC=0.05-0.87); as for children with obesity these scores were the highest (5.42, IC=3.07-9.54 and 4.12, IC=2.05-8.29). It is concluded that there is a lower metabolic risk in anemia and that overweight and obesity are associated with dyslipidemia and impaired insulin secretion(AU)

Effects of dietary high fructose corn syrup on regulation of energy intake and leptin gene expression in rats / Efeitos da ingestão de xarope de milho com alto teor de frutose na regulação da ingestão energética e na expressão gênica de leptina em ratos

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in Wistar rats the effect of chronic use of high fructose corn syrup on serum lipids, body weight, energy intake regulation, and expression of associated genes. METHODS: For 11 weeks, male rats were fed a standard diet with either water (control) or 15% high fructose corn syrup solution, or fed a high-fat diet. The rats' food intake and body weight were measured weekly. Expression of leptin and fatty acid synthase genes was quantified in their brain and adipose tissue upon sacrifice at age 119 days using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The intake of 15% high fructose corn syrup did not affect the rats' weight, only the rats on the high-fat diet gained significant weight. The rats in both diets had lower levels of leptin expression and high levels of fatty acid synthase in the brain, which were associated with high serum triglycerides. CONCLUSION: Fifteen percent high fructose corn syrup intake and the high-fat diet reduced leptin gene expression in the brain of Wistar rats, with differential effects on weight gain.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar em ratos Wistar o efeito do consumo crônico de xarope de milho com alta concentração de frutose sobre os lipídeos séricos, peso corporal, regulação da ingestão energética e expressão de genes associados. MÉTODOS: Durante 11 semanas, ratos machos foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão com água (controle) ou 15% de xarope de milho com alta concentração de frutose, ou com uma dieta hiperlipídica. A ingestão alimentar e o peso corporal dos ratos foram medidos semanalmente. Os animais foram sacrificados com 119 dias de vida, e as expressões gênicas de leptina e da sintetase de ácidos graxos foram quantificadas no cérebro e no tecido adiposo usando a reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. RESULTADOS: O consumo de 15% de xarope de milho com alto teor de frutose não afetou o peso dos animais, somente os ratos da dieta hiperlipídica aumentaram de peso significativamente. Nas dietas hiperlipídica e com alto teor de frutose, foram evidentes expressões mais baixas de leptina e mais altas de sintetase de ácidos graxos no cérebro, assim como concentrações mais altas de triacilglicerídeos séricos. CONCLUSÃO: Ingestão de xarope de milho com alta concentração de frutose a 15% ou de dieta hiperlipídica diminuíram a expressão gênica de leptina no cérebro de ratos Wistar, com diferentes efeitos sobre o aumento de peso.

Excreción urinaria de sodio en niños y adultos de una comuna de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile / Urinary sodium excretion in children and adults from a bourough of the Metropolitan Region of Chile

Arterial hypertension has increased sharply in Chile, during the last 3 decades. The National Health Survey (2003) registered a 33.7 percent prevalence in Chilean population over 17 years of age. It is known that an excessive sodium intake is a risk factor for arterial hypertension (AH). Objective: To measure urinary sodium excretion in an exploratory study in school age children and adults of a borough of the Metropolitan Region, and later on increase to a representative population sample. Subjects and method: 158 school age children of both sexes aged 10.6 +/- 2.5 years and 48 adults older than 20 years were evaluated. Weight was measured in 0.1 kg precision scale (SECA model 286). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated according to the formula weight (kg)/stature (m)2. Arterial pressure was measured with a mercury manual sphygmomanometer. Urinary sodium in 24 hours was calculated with the formula of Tanaka et al. This information was used to predict theoretical NaCI intake using the equation Na mg/day = Na mEq/d x 23; NaCI = Na g/d x 100139.3. Results: BMI in children was 19.2 +/- 4,9 In 28.6 percent and 40.5 percent of adults diastolic and systolic pressure were higher than 90 mm Hg and over 130 mm Hg, respectively. In 1.7 percent and 0.9 percent of children systolic and diastolic pressure were high, according to age and sex. Salt intake per day was calculated assuming that all sodium ingested was consumed as NaCI. Children NaCI intake was 3 +/- 2.2 g per day and in adults was 10.4 +/- 2.5 g per day. Conclusions: BMI was elevated in children and adults in accordance with the high obesity prevalence in the country. The high percentages of elevated blood pressure present in adults were in accordance with high prevalence of hypertension in Chilean adults. Salt intake was high in children and adults constituting a risk factor of hypertension in our population.

En las últimas 3 décadas en Chile, la hipertensión arterial se incrementó notoriamente. La Encuesta Nacional de Salud (año 2003) registró que esta enfermedad afectaba al 33.7 por ciento de la población chilena mayor de 17 años. Se conoce que la ingesta excesiva de Na constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial (HTA). Objetivo: Medir la excreción urinaria de Na en escolares y adultos de una comuna de la Región Metropolitana en estudio exploratorio, para posteriormente ampliarlo a una muestra representativa poblacional. Sujetos y método: Se evaluaron 158 escolares de ambos sexos con edad promedio de 10.6 +/- 2.5 años y 48 adultos mayores de 20 años. El peso se determinó con una báscula con precisión de 0.10 kg (SECA, modelo 286). El índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) se calculó con la ecuación: peso (kg)/talla². La presión arterial se midió con un esfigmomanómetro manual de mercurio. La excreción urinaria de Na en 24 horas fue calculada utilizando la ecuación de Tanka T y col. Este dato se utilizó para predecir la ingesta teórica de NaCI, utilizando las siguientes ecuaciones: Na mg/día = Na mEq/d x 23, NaCl = Na g/d x 100/ 39.3. Resultados: El IMC en niños fue de 19.2 +/- 4.9 y en adultos de 29.0 +/- 5.9. En el 28.6 por ciento y en el 40.5 por ciento de los sujetos adultos evaluados se registró una cifra alta de de presión diastólica (> 90 mm Hg) y sistólica (130 > mm Hg), respectivamente. En 1.7 por ciento de los niños se detectó presión sistólica elevada y en 0.9 por ciento de la diastólica, de acuerdo a la edad y sexo. Se calculó la ingesta de sal por día, suponiendo que todo el sodio ingerido se consumió como NaCI. Los niños evaluados ingirieron 7.3 +/- 2.2 gramos de NaCl por día y los adultos 10.4 +/- 2.5 gramos de NaCI por día. Conclusiones: El IMC era elevado en adultos y niños, de acuerdo con las altas tasas de obesidad de nuestra población. Las porcentajes de presión elevada fueron mucho mayores en los adultos y ...